blingmaker
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- Dec 11, 2015
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I'm not sure if this subject material was discussed in other posts, but I could not find it recently, and certainly not a couple years ago when I started up an assay lab and refinery at a new gold mine. I talked to an old refiner and took notes as summarized below: This is apparently common knowledge in refining circles, but it was new to me.
I used recipe #3 as we had access to these ingredients. The slag was soft and chalky and assayed almost no gold.
The recommended flux recipes in refining are:
1) Mostly gold concentrates, heating at 1980F:
2 parts Borax
1 part Sodium Carbonate
1 part Manganese Dioxide
1 part Silica
1 part flourospar
1 part lime – Ca(OH)2
2) Table concentrates
3 parts Borax
1 part Sodium Carbonate
1 part silica
1 part Manganese Dioxide
3) Recommended for us as we are beginners, but with table concentrates composition unknown:
For 100 kg of clean table concentrates, add:
30 kg borax (liquefies the charge better)
10kg niter (acidic and tends to eat crucibles, and this is the ingredient you would vary depending… a given range is 10-20 kg - more niter allows the charge to heat up faster, but it promotes boiling and off gasses badly and lowers crucible life)
5 kg Silica
Blend the ingredients in buckets.
If there is a bit of mud in the concentrates, add a bit more niter, up to 20 kg maximum to clean up the dore. In general, use as little niter as possible as niter is the ingredient that eats up crucibles. At one mine, a crucible in the electric furnace lasted 18 pours, but crucible life is up to 40 pours now.
With a new crucible, condition the crucible with old slag. Fill the crucible with cold slag and heat it up slowly to 50% temperature. As the slag charge melts, add more and more slag until full. Pour off the old slag, turn off the fuel, and allow the crucible to cool somewhat. Pour the charge into the hot crucible and turn the flame back on. Slowly heat up the charge so the charge does not bubble and smoke does not erupt. Keep a metal rod handy to poke the charge to allow a path to prevent gasses blowing upwards through the charge.
As the charge melts, this full charge will melt to ~50% of its original volume. Keep pouring additional charge in as it melts, if desired. Be aware the charge volume will increase upon fusion. The rate of heating he was talking about was 10% of full temperature for half an hour, and an additional 25% temperature each half hour. Once the charge starts to liquify around the edges, bring up the temperature. More time is OK and is recommended until we get a bit of experience with our blends. The downside to more time is decreased crucible life. Keep the charge heated an hour after it liquifies and keep at ~2000F for 30 minutes. Look for a glow in the center of the charge before pouring - this is the niter burning off something.
Note: With a diesel fired crucible, measure the outside of the crucible for reference. When the crucible is down to 1/2" to 3/4" thick, replace it. After I left this mine, the "refiner" tried to use the crucible one too many times and spilled several hundred lbs of gold on the floor. One of the lab techs was tasked with cutting up this mess with a hacksaw.
Note: Niter tends to eat rings out of the crucible, so vary the charge volume to minimize eating out the crucible at one elevation.
Note: Make sure everything going into the crucible is dry. NO moisture allowed. Use a watch glass on cons to check for moisture before blending.
Note: Wear protective clothing. This should go without saying, but the refiner emphasized it. He does not want to see anyone get hurt.
Old slag goes not off gas. Off gassing is bad [due to blowing part of the charge out the crucible?] It is important to save old slag for this purpose of conditioning a new crucible.
I used recipe #3 as we had access to these ingredients. The slag was soft and chalky and assayed almost no gold.
The recommended flux recipes in refining are:
1) Mostly gold concentrates, heating at 1980F:
2 parts Borax
1 part Sodium Carbonate
1 part Manganese Dioxide
1 part Silica
1 part flourospar
1 part lime – Ca(OH)2
2) Table concentrates
3 parts Borax
1 part Sodium Carbonate
1 part silica
1 part Manganese Dioxide
3) Recommended for us as we are beginners, but with table concentrates composition unknown:
For 100 kg of clean table concentrates, add:
30 kg borax (liquefies the charge better)
10kg niter (acidic and tends to eat crucibles, and this is the ingredient you would vary depending… a given range is 10-20 kg - more niter allows the charge to heat up faster, but it promotes boiling and off gasses badly and lowers crucible life)
5 kg Silica
Blend the ingredients in buckets.
If there is a bit of mud in the concentrates, add a bit more niter, up to 20 kg maximum to clean up the dore. In general, use as little niter as possible as niter is the ingredient that eats up crucibles. At one mine, a crucible in the electric furnace lasted 18 pours, but crucible life is up to 40 pours now.
With a new crucible, condition the crucible with old slag. Fill the crucible with cold slag and heat it up slowly to 50% temperature. As the slag charge melts, add more and more slag until full. Pour off the old slag, turn off the fuel, and allow the crucible to cool somewhat. Pour the charge into the hot crucible and turn the flame back on. Slowly heat up the charge so the charge does not bubble and smoke does not erupt. Keep a metal rod handy to poke the charge to allow a path to prevent gasses blowing upwards through the charge.
As the charge melts, this full charge will melt to ~50% of its original volume. Keep pouring additional charge in as it melts, if desired. Be aware the charge volume will increase upon fusion. The rate of heating he was talking about was 10% of full temperature for half an hour, and an additional 25% temperature each half hour. Once the charge starts to liquify around the edges, bring up the temperature. More time is OK and is recommended until we get a bit of experience with our blends. The downside to more time is decreased crucible life. Keep the charge heated an hour after it liquifies and keep at ~2000F for 30 minutes. Look for a glow in the center of the charge before pouring - this is the niter burning off something.
Note: With a diesel fired crucible, measure the outside of the crucible for reference. When the crucible is down to 1/2" to 3/4" thick, replace it. After I left this mine, the "refiner" tried to use the crucible one too many times and spilled several hundred lbs of gold on the floor. One of the lab techs was tasked with cutting up this mess with a hacksaw.
Note: Niter tends to eat rings out of the crucible, so vary the charge volume to minimize eating out the crucible at one elevation.
Note: Make sure everything going into the crucible is dry. NO moisture allowed. Use a watch glass on cons to check for moisture before blending.
Note: Wear protective clothing. This should go without saying, but the refiner emphasized it. He does not want to see anyone get hurt.
Old slag goes not off gas. Off gassing is bad [due to blowing part of the charge out the crucible?] It is important to save old slag for this purpose of conditioning a new crucible.