Jeremiah,
The glass you’re talking about in the melt is called slag, what you’re thinking about is done mostly with ore, or in an assay, a flux is used to give properties to the melt to make chemical changes at the high temperature, oxidizers like potassium nitrate are sometimes used to oxidize base metals so they will report in the slag (glass), sometimes the opposite is added a reducer like sugar, charcoal, flour, these will reduce the metals from being an oxide back into metal, like when lead oxide is used in the flux, and if the ore has oxidizing properties they would add a reducing flux to convert lead oxide to lead (so the lead would pick up the fine particles of gold or other valuable metals in the melt, the glass can come from silica sand, quartz or crushed glass, borax will also assist in forming the slag, this melt is a chemical reaction, and the flux formula changes the chemistry in the melt, so flux is chosen to give the desired result with different types of ore (which are of differing chemical compositions), so not just any flux recipe would work, the recipe is chosen after determining what type of ore you have.
This process would be useless to try and mix a flux to oxidize base metals with karat gold where there is a very high percentage of base metals, and your chances of loosing valuable metal in the melt, the process would cause more harm than good.
There is a better way to separate the base metals from jewelry like 14k, melt with three parts silver(in-quarter the gold with silver), pour this low karat melt into shot, and then dissolve the silver and other base metals in nitric acid (gold will not dissolve in this acid), we lower the karat with silver because the 14K is a mix of two metals that dissolve in different acids, nitric for silver (the gold which does not dissolve in nitric can keep you from dissolving the silver if you did not in-quarter the gold), once we remove silver and the other base metals from the gold we can then dissolve the gold, (and the little bit of metals we have not removed), this is usually done in aqua regia (HCl with nitric added), if we tried to dissolve the 14K gold the silver in it will not dissolve in this acid and forms an insoluble crust keeping our acid from attacking the gold in the karat jewelry, here again is why we in-quartered our gold to remove silver above, once we get gold dissolved we use a chemical to selectively precipitate the gold as pure as we can, leaving other metals in solution, the gold would then most likely be dissolved again to refine it further.
The book that Jimdoc, directed you to study, will discuss how to refine your gold, reading the book and learning from it will give you an education worth more than some of the gold you will melt. Hoke's book a must read for anyone wishing to learn refining.