I worked at he Birmingham Assay Office or a while and know that they are the oldest consumer protection agencies in the world.Their prime objective was/is to give confidence when the public purchased gold or silver items.However they arent perfect and if unscrupulous manufacturers :shock: want to cheat they can find ways,eg hollow bangles filled with sand,beads filled with silver solder,white gold ornament made of silver rhodium plated these are just the ones that leap to mind.If your buying scrap anywhere in the world i think the same problems will arise and value losses arent always down to the bullion dealers.Dont forget the weight of stones in jewellery especially cz,s these can add up to a large percentage of the weight in some items and wipe out any profit.Many hollow bangles contain steel wires to strengthen them and springs to help close them and earring hoops are so thin that they fill them with plastic liners for added strength.......where to stop.Some of the additions are legal for hallmaking purposes and reading the rules gives percentage allowed so all i can say is buyer beware......