Arthur,
The only reference I can recall to 'speed chips' are the 487 math coprocessors. Back in the day when the 486 first came out the cpu did not contain a math coprocessor for FPU's (floating point calculations) until the DX series of cpus (I think that's when they started putting the FPU in the 486) and this chip was located in a second socket on the motherboard. I've always called them 'mathcos' as in math coprocessor.
One other instance is the 586 overdrive processor. It was like an early Pentium in a 486 package. It's a 486 cpu on an adapter of sorts.
Steve