The cell will have resistance naturally in the electrolyte, unless the anode and cathode are touching, or shorted, then there would be little or no resistance, a battery can be used with or without the charger, but I would look at using a current limiter, or better yet a regulator, or at least a fuse.
The car battery will supply enough power to weld steel with,
(I have used car batteries for welding steel with, using jumper cables and fence wire when out in the mountains).
The battery can supply way too much current for your circuit if with if something does not limit the current (the cells resistance would normally limit current somewhat), depending on the conditions of the cell, but if cell shorts it will not limit any current), and if the electrolyte was saturated with metals the current would raise temperature of the cell.
Resistance slows current (slows down amperage).
A short has very little or no resistance to current, in which case it would only be limited by available current of the power supply (or until something burned in two, breaking or killing power through the circuit).
In the cell a 10 amp battery charger can supply over 10 amps, an internal circuit breaker on the charger would trip if it delivered over 10 amps for long enough for the circuit breaker to heat up, cheaper style battery chargers or power supply’s may not have circuit breakers and the transformer size would limit the available current, the cell normally would not pull this kind of amperage, unless shorted, or some other problem, although it will pull more amperage with gold coming off of material in solution lowering the resistance of the electrolyte as it is saturating with metal (or if the cell was dilute and saturating with base metals), as the gold is de-plated in the concentrated sulfuric acid the cells resistance would raise as the metal would be less in solution, and so the current drawn from the power supply would also lower, as the electrolyte, became more resistive to current flow (again unless the cell solution was dilute and saturating with base metals).
A fuse can be used to protect the power supply or battery from an accidental short (or over-current draw condition) the fuse can be chosen for the maximum current, these can blow and would need replaced, a circuit breaker can be used instead, electronic components very often have circuit breakers, some with automatic or manual resets, so you probably have these in your scrap or junk bin, the fuse or circuit breaker would not regulate current, only blow or trip if more current than the rating was drawn from the power source by the cells lack of resistance.
Resistors can be used to limit current (to whatever range you wish), to figure the ohms of the resistor divide the Amps into the voltage to get resistance, then to get the wattage of the resistor needed, multiply voltage times the amperage to get the watts needed, double the wattage size of the resistor used so it will run cool.
(For these cells your resistor would be the big power resistors wire wound ceramic type, not the little ones in your circuit boards), you can also make your own resistors if needed, like using nichrome heater wire on a ceramic tube, you can even make it into a variable resistor if you wished.
The problem with using resistors is they burn up current as heat, wasting power as wattage (and your cell could make a heater out of your resistor) the less resistance the cell had (closer to a short), the more current would flow through the resistor, the more of a heater it would become.
A current regulator circuit can be built with a little bit of study in electronics, or if you have a basic understanding, but with the higher current this is not always practical.
A light bulb makes a great current limiter (wattage divided by the voltage equals current), the lamp also acts as an indicator to visually see the current draw of your cell, it will protect the power supply and circuit from shorts, and can make a great current regulator, the lamps filament acts as a variable resistor depending on current through the filament.
If you do not have a protection for your circuit and for the power supply you should add one,(Your battery charger which usually has one built in (circuit breaker) and also normally the available current is limited by what the transformer size or tap will allow, the voltage in a lead acid battery charger is fixed at about 14.5 volts direct current , the transformer is usually tapped for about 2 amp maximum and 10 amps depending on charger, some also use larger transformers and have a 50amp tap).
A battery should not be used (unless the battery is incapable of delivering more current than your circuit can handle), or you regulate the current which can be drawn from it, and or protect your circuit, if it wishes to draw more current than the circuit will handle safely. If you are unsure do not take chances.
