DC motors can be run off of alternating current using diodes to convert the AC to DC, the speed of these motors can be controlled by adjusting the voltage to them simple as resistors or more complicated using electronic circuits.
The diodes and resistors or other components are sized to be able to handle the current going through them.
AC motors can be run with adjustable speeds but the circuitry to do so is much more complicated, simple light dimmers could not do this, Ac motors sometimes have wiring for different speeds, but these are usually fan motors (not motors that have a lot of starting or running torque).
Three phase motors can be run off of single phase power, using capacitors banks or pony motors as phase converters.
Gear boxes, or pulleys, are also a good way to change speed or torque.
Lawn mowers are made to turn a blade fast, but would not have much torque, same with a dryer motor. the tread mill can possibly use a DC motor and gear box, with an motor speed control circuit, Hey it would probably have a circuit to measure RPM also.
The treadmill would be a good idea, when taking it apart make good notes of where those wires go, check online for schematics also.